Recall last time we talked about how we can form the sheaf of Witt vectors over a variety 
that is defined over an algebraically closed field 
of characteristic 
. The sections of the structure sheaf form rings and we can take 
of those rings. The functoriality of gives us that this is a sheaf that we denote 
. For today we’ll be define 
to be 
.
Recall that we also noted that 
makes sense and is a -module annihilated by 
(recall that we noted that Frobenius followed by the shift operator is the same as multiplying by , and since Frobenius is surjective, multiplying by is just replacing the first entry by 
and shifting, so multiplying by 
is the same as shifting over 
entries and putting ‘s in, since the action is component-wise, is just multiplying by everywhere and hence annihilates the module).
In fact, all of our old operators 
, 
, and 
still act on . They are easily seen to satisfy the formulas 
, 
, and 
for 
. Just by using basic cohomological facts we can get a bunch of standard properties of . We won’t write them all down, but the two most interesting (of the very basic) ones are that if is projective then is a finite -module, and from the short exact sequence we looked at last time 
, we can take the long exact sequence associated to it to get 
If you’re like me, you might be interested in studying Calabi-Yau manifolds in positive characteristic. If you’re not like me, then you might just be interested in positive characteristic K3 surfaces, either way these cohomology groups give some very good information as we’ll see later, and for a Calabi-Yau’s (including K3’s) we have 
for 
where is the dimension of . Using this long exact sequence, we can extrapolate that for Calabi-Yau’s we get 
for all 
and 
. In particular, we get that 
for a K3 surface where we just define 
in the usual way.
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